ISSN Electrónico: 2395 - 8030. ISSN Impreso: 0187 - 5779
Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo, S.C.
Herramientas biotecnológicas y bioinformáticas para la optimización del control biológico y la biorremediación en sistemas de suelo
Copyright (c) 2026 TERRA LATINOAMERICANA
Critical Review of the Dynamics of D. citri in Persian Lime (Citrus × latifolia Tan): Foundations for Predictive and Adaptive Management in Central Veracruz, Mexico
The spatiotemporal dynamics of pest and disease development are closely linked to ecological factors. In the case of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and its vector, the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), it depends on the host plant’s phenology, such as that of the Persian lemon (Citrus × latifolia Tan). Globally, the presence of this insect has increased in various citrus-growing regions, notably in Mexico’s Gulf Coast, particularly in central Veracruz. Despite extensive research on D. citri, no studies have reported specific data on the implementation of management strategies in the citrus region of Martínez de la Torre-Misantla, Veracruz. Nor have modeling and life cycle projection studies of the psyllid been developed to enable a comprehensive understanding of this area. This study aims to conduct a critical review of research from the past 10 years on D. citri in citrus-growing areas where it is present, with an emphasis on the center of Veracruz, Mexico, and to highlight relevant methodological findings for the prevention, management, and control of the insect. Results from dif ferent regions of the world are compared, identifying similarities that have facilitated ef fective management and gaps in the application of new techniques for its control. To achieve this, a search was conducted across various bibliographic databases, limiting results to the last ten years and adjusting inclusion criteria to obtain pertinent information. Subsequently, a specific sample was selected to identify the documents most relevant to the study’s objective. Opportunities to strengthen integrated vector management are discussed, along with the necessary lines of research for developing predictive management schemes in the center of Veracruz.
Ef fect of Protein Hydrolysates and Diatomaceous Soil as Biostimulants on Hydroponic Grape Tomato
The search for non-microbial biostimulants to optimize sustainable hydroponic production is a rapidly expanding research area; however, the synergistic ef fect between protein hydrolysates and silicon (Si) in horticultural crops has not yet been fully elucidated. This study evaluated the biostimulant ef fect of the combined application of three protein hydrolysates (animal, plant, and mixed-origin) and three Si concentrations (10, 15, and 20 mg L-1) on growth, yield, and net CO₂ assimilation rate of grape tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in a hydroponic system, as well as on the chemical characteristics of the substrate and leachate. A randomized complete block design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement was used, with four replications. Results showed that the plant-derived hydrolysate exhibited the greatest biostimulant potential by increasing biomass production, fruit size, weight, yield, and net photosynthetic rate, while reducing total soluble solids. Si increased net CO₂ assimilation at 20 mg L-1 without af fecting fruit size or yield. In the substrate, the plant-derived hydrolysate raised pH and decreased electrical conductivity and nitrate levels, suggesting greater nitrogen use ef ficiency. Potassium was not influenced by the hydrolysate but was af fected by Si doses, particularly at 10 and 20 mg L-1. No significant interactions between the two factors were detected for most evaluated variables. The application of plant-derived protein hydrolysate enhances grape tomato growth and yield, promoting a more stable root-zone environment and greater ef ficiency in nitrate assimilation.
Soil Physicochemical Parameters Determine the Structure of Bacterial Communities in Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Agroecosystems: Evidence from Metabarcoding
This study evaluated the ef fect of three cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production systems monoculture (T1), diversified (T2), and agroforestry (T3) on soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure. Soil samples were collected using a systematic sampling design and analyzed for physical and chemical indicators. Bacterial communities were characterized through high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region), followed by bioinformatic processing and multivariate statistical analyses. The diversified system (T2) exhibited significantly improved soil conditions, including higher pH, organic matter, and nutrient availability (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), compared to monoculture (T1), while T3 showed intermediate values. These edaphic dif ferences were associated with changes in microbial diversity and composition. Alpha diversity indices (Observed, Chao1, Shannon, Simpson) were significantly higher in T2 and lowest in T1 (p < 0.05). Beta diversity analyses (PCoA based on Aitchison and Bray–Curtis distances) revealed clear separation among treatments, indicating distinct community structures. At the taxonomic level, dif ferences were observed not only at the family level but also at the genus level. Monoculture soils were relatively enriched in genera af filiated with Acidobacteria and Bradyrhizobium, whereas diversified systems showed higher relative abundance of genera such as Rhizobium, Burkholderia, and Streptomyces, commonly reported in association with nutrient cycling processes. Agroforestry systems presented intermediate compositions, including genera such as Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas. Multivariate analyses (db-RDA) indicated that soil pH, organic matter, and nutrient availability were significant drivers of bacterial community structure. These results provide evidence that cacao production systems are associated with shif ts in soil properties and microbial assemblages. Overall, diversification was linked to improved soil conditions and greater microbial diversity, suggesting its potential role in promoting more stable soil environments in tropical agroecosystems.
Fertilization in Maize Globally and in Mexico: a Bibliometric Analysis from 2000 to 2025
Maize (Zea mays L.) production plays a fundamental role in global food security due to its importance as a staple food and as an essential component of the basic food basket, as well as its socioeconomic and cultural relevance in Mexico. Maize fertilization is one of the main practices used to increase yield, and maintaining soil health is currently considered a priority. Sustainability and the search for new methods and complementary fertilization approaches have gained importance in order to improve the efficiency of these practices, reduce harmful side effects, and optimize the use of natural and economic resources. This study was conducted to identify and quantify, through bibliometric analysis, the scientific production related to maize fertilization over the past 25 years (2000–2025). Two databases, Scopus and Google Scholar, were used, applying bibliometric methods based on performance analysis (H-index, productivity, and citations) and scientific mapping (keyword co-occurrence) for the corresponding period. VOSviewer and Excel were used to evaluate the bibliometric indicators. The findings revealed a polynomial global trend in scientific publications related to this topic, as well as Mexico’s contribution, which showed a linear pattern followed by a decline in recent years. The most prolific authors, predominant journals, leading papers, institutions, the most influential countries, and the main research lines in this field were identified both globally and within Mexico. The main benefits of conducting this study include the global exploration of research themes and ongoing or implemented research lines, as well as facilitating the reorientation and support of future research related to this subject.
Global Research Trends on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Maize (Zea mays L.): A Bibliometric Analysis
Maize cultivation faces growing challenges due to adverse environmental conditions and reliance on chemical fertilizers, which compromise its sustainability. In response, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as a viable biotechnological alternative for enhancing crop yields, reducing fertilizer use, and mitigating environmental impact. This study, conducted in 2024, aimed to analyze scientific trends, emerging topics, and significant contributions regarding the use of PGPR in maize through a bibliometric analysis. A total of 882 publications (1986–2024) were collected and analyzed using VOSviewer sof tware, examining patterns of co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence. The contributions of countries such as Brazil, China, and Pakistan were highlighted, as well as the relevance of bacterial genera such as Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus for their positive ef fects on maize yield, abiotic stress tolerance, and fertilizer use ef ficiency. The results reveal a thematic evolution from rhizobacteria characterization toward applications focused on agricultural resilience. It is concluded that PGPR have strong potential to enhance agricultural sustainability, especially when integrated with local germplasm and traditional practices of Indigenous communities such as the Mixe, Nahuatl, and Totonac peoples. The discovery of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the mucilage of native maize varieties represents a key opportunity; however, ef fective implementation requires overcoming technical, regulatory, and sociocultural barriers through multidisciplinary research and technological transfer to the field.
Copyright (c) 2026 REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA
Rhizospheric Bacterial Consortia as Biostimulants in the Cultivation of Cattleya maxima Orchids
Cattleya maxima is an epiphytic orchid endemic to Ecuador with high ornamental and ecological value, whose propagation is limited by slow growth and low initial ef ficiency in nutrient uptake during early developmental stages, due to the presence of seed dormancy that delays germination and seedling establishment. The objective of this study was to characterize rhizospheric bacteria with potential bio-stimulatory activity and evaluate their ef fect on the initial establishment of Cattleya maxima seedlings during the transition from tissue culture to nursery conditions. Eight bacterial strains were isolated from orchid-associated rhizospheric soil and selected based on morphological characterization, Gram staining, and functional biochemical assays, including urease, amylase, and indole-3-acetic acid production related to plant growth promotion. Antagonistic activity was assessed using dual culture assays against Fusarium oxysporum, while bio-stimulatory ef fectiveness was evaluated in a Completely Randomized Design with individual, combined, and unixnoculated control treatments, quantifying leaf number, root length (cm), plant height (cm), and fresh biomass (g). The results showed significant dif ferences between treatments (p < 0.05), with the highest fungal growth inhibition recorded for Bacillus spp. (66%), followed by actinomycetes (57%) and Pseudomonas spp. (54%). Microbial inoculation improved seedling morpho-functional performance compared to the control, with the combined treatment maximizing leaf number (6.22 ± 0.40), root length (4.05 ± 0.39 cm), and plant height (5.42 ± 0.43 cm), while the highest fresh biomass was obtained with actinomycetes (10.56 ± 0.73 g). These findings demonstrate that functional selection of rhizospheric bacteria significantly enhances the initial establishment of C. maxima.
Use of Digestate and Mineral Fertilization on Yield, Carotenes, Phenolic Compounds and Organic Acids Concentration in Two Varieties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Tomato is one of the most widely consumed horticultural crops worldwide and is recognized for its content of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and organic acids that provide health benefits. Although mineral fertilizers are commonly used in tomato cultivation, their excessive application can lead to environmental problems. In this study, the ef fect of organic–mineral fertilization on yield and on the concentration of phenolic compounds and organic acids in the fruits of two saladette-type tomato varieties grown under greenhouse conditions was evaluated. An experiment was established using mixed fertilization with mineral fertilizer (M) and digestate (D) derived from the anaerobic digestion of manure. The following proportions were applied: 25% D + 75% M (D25M75), 50% D + 50% M (D50M50), and 75% D + 25% M (D75M25), in addition to treatments with 100% digestate (D100), 100% mineral fertilizer (M100), and an unfertilized control (T). The results showed that mineral fertilizer requirements can be reduced by 25% through mixed fertilization with digestate, since the D25M75 combination produced higher tomato yields than the treatment with mineral fertilizer alone. The application of digestate at dif ferent proportions increased total soluble solids and the fruit flavor index compared with treatments without digestate. Likewise, all digestate-based treatments increased the concentrations of gallic acid and caf feic acid in the fruits by 51.7–86.4% and 34.0–54.2%, respectively, compared with mineral fertilization. Furthermore, the ef fect of fertilization dif fered between varieties: in the Strongton variety, the highest fruit carotene content was obtained with D100, whereas in the King variety, the highest carotene content was observed with treatment D25M75. Finally, the results suggest that digestates a byproduct of the anaerobic digestion represent an ef ficient alternative for reducing the use of mineral fertilizers in tomato cultivation while increasing yield and the nutritional content of antioxidants and organic acids, thereby contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices.
Water Quality Challenges in Central Veracruz, Mexico: A Comprehensive Review
Major rivers in Veracruz show significant levels of contamination, closely linked to agro-industrial activities—particularly sugarcane cultivation—and the intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides, with implications for human health, the environment, and productive activities. In the central region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, water quality faces increasing pressure due to the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater, leachates from sanitary landfills, climate change, and accelerated population growth. These factors af fect water availability and compromise its safety for human consumption and environmental balance. The purpose of this research was to identify the main sources of contamination, analyze their impacts on the environment and public health, and recognize knowledge gaps to guide future research and public policies. The PRISMA 2020 methodology was applied to conduct a rigorous and replicable systematic review of the scientific literature. The search was carried out in Google Scholar, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and ScienceDirect. From 380 initial records, 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria (related to water quality, findings from similar regions, and studies in central Veracruz) were selected for detailed analysis. Using VosViewer, a bibliometric analysis was performed, identifying two major thematic axes: one ecological-geographical (ecosystem services, land use, wetlands, and regional characteristics) and another technical, focused on the evaluation and ef ficiency of treatment systems, particularly constructed wetlands. The findings show sustained growth in scientific production since 2015, reflecting increasing interest in sustainable solutions and integrated water management strategies. This study provides an updated overview of water-related challenges in Veracruz and highlights the urgency of strengthening public policies and appropriate technologies to improve water quality and protect this essential resource for life.
Antifungal Extracts and Metabolites from Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckf. & Nirenberg with Potential Application in the Control of Agricultural Phytopathogens
Population growth demands an increased food supply. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternatives to synthetic fungicides with low environmental impact for controlling diseases in agricultural crops. The genus Trichoderma is widely reported as a beneficial microorganism in agriculture and as a biological control strategy against phytopathogenic fungi. The fungus T. asperellum biosynthesises metabolites that are utilized by plants to stimulate growth or to tolerate pathogen attacks. In accordance with the above, this study aimed to compile information on the volatile and non-volatile metabolites reported for T. asperellum with potential use to control fungal diseases on agricultural crops. A database was compiled from articles and patents published between 2014 and 2024 in four public and two commercial databases. Records for ‘Trichoderma’ and ‘ Trichoderma asperellum’ regarding extract type, metabolite, activity, and isolation site indicated a total of 702 metabolites from T. asperellum. A total of 622 volatile metabolites were produced by twelve strains, one of which, 6-pentyl-α-pyron, has been reported to promote plant growth and exhibit significant antifungal activity. In addition, 80 non-volatile metabolites of dif ferent chemical nature were detected in nine strains of T. asperellum, with activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Among the patents, seven relate to the individual use of T. asperellum for the production of metabolites for agricultural purposes. To continue with complementary studies, such as stability, mechanism of action, and toxicity, the active ingredients in the extracts should be purified and identified. The extracts and metabolites secreted by T. asperellum could provide an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling fungal diseases in crops.
Seasonal Changes of Organic Carbon Content in a Mild Climate Meadow
Los suelos son el mayor reservorio de carbono en los ecosistemas terrestres. Las praderas se han establecido para ofrecer una fuente diferente de forraje y muestran un alto potencial en el secuestro de carbono. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los cambios estacionales en las concentraciones de carbono orgánico y nitrógeno total del suelo, la cobertura vegetal y las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo en una pradera de clima templado en Durango. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante las cuatro estaciones del año, en las que se determinaron la cobertura vegetal, las especies dominantes, las propiedades fisicoquímicas, el carbono orgánico y el nitrógeno del suelo. La cobertura vegetal fue diferente entre estaciones (p < 0.05); el porcentaje de hierba disminuyó en invierno, mientras que el porcentaje de suelo desnudo fue menor en verano con respecto a las demás estaciones. Por otro lado, se encontraron los menores valores de materia orgánica y carbono orgánico del suelo en otoño (p < 0.05), por lo que la relación C:N también fue más baja (p < 0.05). Por su parte, el carbono acumulado en el suelo aumentó de 21 Mg C ha-1 en otoño a 27.5 Mg C ha-1 en verano (p < 0.05); la densidad aparente y el nitrógeno total no mostraron cambios entre estaciones (p < 0.05). Los resultados sugieren que las praderas de clima templado muestran un alto potencial en el secuestro de carbono para reducir las emisiones de GEI y contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático.
Alginate Capsules Supplemented with Trichoderma harzianum and Radish Root Extract (Raphanus sativus L.) for the Promotion of Plant Development in Capsicum annuum L.
The development of encapsulated biological formulations represents an innovative strategy to improve the stability, viability, and ef ficiency of plant growth–promoting microorganisms, contributing to sustainable agricultural systems. The present study evaluated the ef fect of alginate capsules supplemented with Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, and radish root extract (Raphanus sativus L.) on microbial viability, physicochemical properties of the formulation, and growth promotion in Capsicum annuum L. seedlings. Microbial growth kinetics were determined through colony-forming unit counts (CFU mL–¹) in order to identify optimal growth phases for encapsulation. Capsules were produced by ionic gelation using sodium alginate as the polymeric matrix, and microbial viability was evaluated at 5, 10, and 15 days of storage, together with water content, disintegration time, and dimensional stability. Results showed that the combined formulation (Trich+Bacill+Rab) exhibited higher microbial viability during storage, reaching concentrations above 1.0 × 10⁹ CFU mL–¹ at day 15 compared to individual formulations. Furthermore, the inclusion of radish extract modified the physical properties of the capsules, promoting faster disintegration and potential controlled release of microorganisms. At the agronomic level, seedlings treated with the combined formulation showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in plant height, stem diameter, relative chlorophyll content, root volume, and fresh and dry biomass accumulation at 21 days af ter emergence. These findings demonstrate that co-encapsulation in alginate represents an ef ficient alternative for the development of functional bioinoculants aimed at improving early plant growth and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Phytophthora-Responsive Proteins in Cacao: Comparative Bioinformatic Analysis for Biological Control
Phytophthora spp. is one of the most important phytosanitary threat to cacao agroforestry systems, causing yield losses exceeding 40%. This study conducted a comparative bioinformatic analysis to identify proteins associated with resistance mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana, Theobroma cacao L., and Herrania umbratica. From an initial dataset of 91 Arabidopsis sequences, 20 genes were identified as potentially involved in plant defense. Protein sequences were analyzed using BLASTX, selecting those with E-values ≤ 1e-10, adequate query coverage, and identity values above 65%. These proteins were then compared against T. cacao and H. umbratica genomes using BLASTP, enabling detection of functionally relevant homologs. Ortholog analysis with OrthoVenn3 revealed 13 conserved proteins shared among the three species, including lectin-like receptors, transcription factors (bZIP60, NAC089), stress-related proteins (PHOS32), and key immune signaling components such as FLS2, RBK1, and RPH1. Phylogenetic analyses highlighted strong evolutionary proximity between Theobroma cacao L. and Herrania umbratica, while Arabidopsis showed expected divergence but retained conserved immune-associated pathways. These conserved proteins represent promising candidates for functional validation and potential application in cacao breeding programs aimed at enhancing resistance to Phytophthora spp. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of in silico comparative approaches to accelerate the discovery of defense-related genes and support the development of more resilient and sustainable cacao production systems.
Dynamics of Land Cover and Land Use in the Laguna de Zapotlán Basin
Natural ecosystems are undergoing accelerated transformations that are profoundly af fecting biodiversity and water resources; therefore, monitoring land cover and use (LCU) is crucial for sustainable territorial management. This study characterizes the spatiotemporal dynamics of LCU in the Laguna de Zapotlán Basin (CLZ), Jalisco, Mexico, from 1976 to 2023. INEGI Vegetation and Land Use Maps (Series I–VII), standardized into eight classes, and a Sentinel-2 image (2023) were used to estimate gains, losses, transitions, and the annual rate of change (ACR). Current land use (2023) was mapped by photointerpretation and validated in QGIS–AcATaMa with 50 points per class (overall accuracy = 91.7%, Kappa = 0.91). Between 1976 and 2021, 63.7% of the CLZ remained unchanged, whereas 36.2% underwent transitions. The conversion from rainfed to irrigated agriculture was the dominant process, with irrigated agriculture gaining 9721 ha (+105.9% relative to its initial area). Forest land decreased by 4.4% and induced grassland by 78.6%, while human settlements increased by 214.2%. In 2023, agricultural land occupied 21 908 ha (47.8%), of which 3668 ha (8%) corresponded to protected agriculture, reflecting agroindustrial intensification driven by high-value markets and local policies. These transformations alter infiltration, runof f, and groundwater recharge, with critical implications for an endorheic basin and potential pressure on groundwater resources. The results underscore the need for continuous monitoring, regulation, and integrated policies that balance agricultural development with conservation, particularly of the Laguna de Zapotlán Ramsar wetland. The study provides an updated baseline and, despite the limited scale of of ficial series, of fers robust evidence to guide environmental planning and management in the CLZ.
Weed Communities in Ecuadorian Cacao: Diversity, Abundance and Ecological Functions for Bioremediation Strategies and Sustainable Management of Tropical Agricultural Soils
Ecuador ranks fourth worldwide in cocoa production and first as the leading producer of fine-flavor cocoa. In this context, weeds—plants without economic value in agronomic systems—af fect crop productivity and development, making them one of the most important constraints in agricultural production. The objective of this research was to identify the weed community associated with cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation by evaluating the diversity and abundance of weed species in three localities of the Ecuadorian tropics: Quevedo, Buena Fe, and Valencia. Analysis of weed biological diversity at the family and locality levels showed that the families Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, and Cucurbitaceae exhibited high values across dif ferent diversity indices. At the locality level, Buena Fe showed greater diversity according to the Individual Index, whereas Valencia stood out according to the Simpson (1–D), Shannon (H′), and Equitability (J) indices. Similarities among localities, evaluated using Jaccard and Bray–Curtis coef ficients, revealed patterns of resemblance and dif ferentiation in weed species composition. According to the Importance Value Index (IVI), Geophila macropoda (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. was the most important species overall. At the locality level, Buena Fe was characterized by the predominance of Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult., whereas Psychotria nervosa Sw. was the most prominent species in Valencia. Functional analysis of reproductive traits and interference within the weed community revealed a diversity of morphotypes and reproductive strategies, highlighting the presence of both annual and perennial life cycles, as well as various propagation mechanisms. The families Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Urticaceae were consistently represented and particularly relevant in this context. These findings underscore the importance of considering the diversity and specific characteristics of weed communities when making decisions related to sustainable agricultural management.
Response of Maize Hybrids at Three Population Densities, in Two Locations in the High Valleys of Mexico
In the High Valleys of Central Mexico (2200–2600 m altitude), it is necessary to evaluate maize varieties and identify the most productive ones in order to recommend suitable options to producers. The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) have registered and released several maize hybrids and varieties. The objective of this research was to determine the grain yield of five white maize hybrids developed by UNAM and INIFAP under three plant population densities in two localities of the High Valleys of Mexico. Trials were established in localities of the State of Mexico, specifically in Cuautitlán Izcalli and San Mateo, municipality of Amanalco, during the spring–summer 2022 growing season. Variables associated with productivity were evaluated for each hybrid. A combined analysis of variance was performed considering environments, genotypes (G), population densities, and their interactions as sources of variation. The results showed statistically significant dif ferences in grain yield among the five hybrids evaluated across the two environments and three population densities. For the genotypes and environmental conditions evaluated in both localities, population densities of 50 000 and 70 000 plants ha-¹ are recommended. The evaluated genotypes represent a viable alternative for increasing white maize production among producers in the State of Mexico.
Predictive Modelling of the Potential Distribution of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in Ecuador Under Changing Climatic Conditions: A Basis for Management Strategies
Among the most significant agricultural pests, Spodoptera frugiperda stands out for the significant economic impact it causes. In Ecuador, this species represents a persistent threat, and monitoring and management strategies within its distribution area need to be strengthened. This study evaluated changes in the potential geographic distribution of S. frugiperda using ecological niche models, considering alterations associated with climate change. Based on 211 records of presence in mainland Ecuador a species distribution model based on climatic suitability was developed to characterize the current and potential distribution of the species in two future climate scenarios. The optimal niche is defined by rainfall in the driest month between 0-20 mm, annual temperature ranges of 10.5-13 °C, and elevations < 500 m of altitude. Excessive rainfall is associated with areas of low favorability. Approximately 78 151 km² of territory contain favorable climatic conditions for S. frugiperda. The coast is home to 62.5% of the favorable area in the provinces of Los Ríos, Guayas, Manabí, Santa Elena, and El Oro. The highlands contain 36.5% of the favorable area, and the Amazon is the least vulnerable due to its excessive rainfall. Projections under the conservative scenario indicate relative stability. In contrast, the extreme scenario projects a progressive expansion to 89 482 km² by 2100. The alarming change will be in the Amazon region, which would experience a potential expansion from the current 527 km² to 9680 km² in 2100. This complex dynamic of spatial redistribution implies that some areas that are currently hotspots for infestation will become less favorable, while regions historically free of the pest will become high-risk areas. This change requires a fundamental reconfiguration of monitoring and control strategies. This information will enable a consolidated diagnosis and the implementation of ef fective management measures.
Influence of Land Use and Depth on Organic Carbon Content in Two Agricultural Production Systems in the Central Highlands of Mexico
Soil is important in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as it acts as a carbon (C) reservoir, provides physical protection to organic matter (OM), and contributes to reducing emissions associated with lower fertilizer application. However, land conversion to agricultural use affects the soil's organic carbon (SOC) sequestration capacity, leading to GHG emissions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of land use and depth on SOC content in two agricultural production systems in Mexico. In systems S1 and S2, four sampling points were randomly selected for each land use (pasture P, forest F, and crop A) over nine periods. At each point, a soil subsample was taken from depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, and a composite sample was created from the four subsamples per depth. SOC content, bulk density, moisture content, and pH were determined. The results for soil organic carbon (SOC) content showed a significant difference between systems (p = 0.040) and between land uses (p = 0.02). In S1, land use P presented a content of 87.39 Mg C ha-1, similar to land use A with 87.23 Mg C ha-1; however, S1F contains lower SOC (54.27 Mg C ha-1). In S2, soil use P showed the highest SOC content with 70.44 Mg C ha-1, compared to uses S2F (58.64 Mg C ha-1) and S2A (58.24 Mg C ha‑1). Regarding the effect of soil depth, there was a significant difference (p < 0.0001). The average SOC content in S1 at 0-10 cm was 89.74 Mg ha-1 and at 10-20 cm was 62.86 Mg C ha-1. In S2, the SOC content at 0-10 cm was 75.81 Mg ha-1 and at 10-20 cm was 48.07 Mg C ha-1. The highest SOC content in both systems was found at a depth of 0-10 cm.
Spectral and Phenological Response of Banana (Musa AAA, Simmonds) to Organic Bio-Inputs Based on Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp., in the Central Littoral Region of Ecuador: An Evaluation Using UAV and NDVI Index
Banana (Musa, AAA, Simmonds), is a globally significant crop, yet its sustainable production faces physical, biological, and social challenges. This study evaluated the impact of two organic bioinputs, an in situ formulated fungal consortium and a commercial bacterial product on the agronomic and spectral response of banana using UAV and spectral technology in Los Ríos province, Ecuador. A completely randomized design was implemented with three treatments: T1 (in situ fungal consortium of Trichoderma spp. and Paecilomyces lilacinus), T2 (commercial bacterial consortium of Bacillus spp.), and T3 (control). A DJI Mavic 3M drone equipped with multispectral sensors was used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 6 and 28 weeks after treatment, alongside phenological measurements at 28 weeks. Both bioinputs significantly improved NDVI values compared to the control (p < 0.05). T1 showed the best performance with a final NDVI of 0.82 (22.2% improvement over the control), followed by T2 at 0.78 (16.8% improvement). Strong and significant positive correlations (p < 0.01) were found between NDVI and all agronomic variables: plant height (r = 0.8167), pseudostem diameter (r = 0.8572), and leaf number (r = 0.8330). The Kruskal-Wallis analysis confirmed significant differences among all treatments, highlighting the superiority of the in-situ consortium (T1), developed with local samples, due to its better adaptation to regional conditions. The strong correlations validate NDVI as a non-destructive and precise indicator of banana structural growth. This study demonstrates that organic bioinputs, particularly locally formulated multifunctional consortia, can significantly enhance the physiological and agronomic status of banana crops, while UAV-based remote sensing provides an efficient tool for rapid assessment and decision-making in precision agriculture programs for banana cultivation.
Impact of a Sargassum spp. Ferment on Agronomic Attributes on Jalapeño Pepper Seedlings Subjected to Salinity
Agriculture faces challenges due to climate change, such as water scarcity, soil degradation, and salinity, the latter exacerbated by the excessive use of fertilizers. Salinity induces abiotic stress in plants, altering their metabolism and af fecting their development. In the search for alternatives to mitigate plant stress, biostimulants have emerged as a tool to improve crop yield and quality under both optimal and stressful conditions. Currently, the brown macroalga Sargassum spp. (sargazo) has experienced massive influxes in tropical and subtropical regions, the accumulation of which impacts marine ecosystems, coastal communities, and local economic activities. However, Sargassum represents a potential alternative in agriculture as a biostimulant due to its content of bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ef fect of foliar and drench applications of a liquid ferment derived from Sargassum spp. on the agronomic attributes of jalapeño pepper seedlings subjected to saline stress, with 100 mM NaCl incorporated into the nutrient solution. Drench treatments, particularly at a concentration of 2.5% (FD-2.5%), significantly improved these attributes. The FD-2.5% treatment increased stem height (15%) and diameter (13%), as well as fresh shoot biomass and dry root biomass by 12% and 26%, respectively, compared with the saline control. Therefore, drench application of the liquid ferment derived from Sargassum spp. may represent an alternative to promote the growth of jalapeño pepper seedlings under saline stress.
Ef fectiveness of Starch Obtained from Potato and Banana Waste for the Treatment of Leachate
The production of landfill leachate has become a source of water pollution. The coagulation–flocculation method has been used to remove contaminants from leachate using chemical coagulants. In the search for natural coagulants, starch obtained from potato and plantain waste has been considered as an alternative for this process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ef fectiveness of contaminant removal from landfill leachate using potato and plantain starch obtained from agro-industrial waste. Potato and plantain starch were extracted using both wet and dry methods. The optimal starch dosage and pH for maximum turbidity removal were determined. Subsequently, four treatments were evaluated: T-A (aluminum sulfate), T-AB (sulfate + plantain starch), T-AC (sulfate + potato starch), and T-BC (potato + plantain starch), using the coagulation–flocculation method. This analysis was performed according to ASTM International standard procedures using jar test equipment. Turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were determined, and their removal percentages were calculated. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were performed using STATISTICA 7 sof tware. The results showed that pre-acidification of the leachate to pH 2.5 yielded better turbidity removal (70.1–83.7%) and COD removal (37.8–39.6%) across all treatments, with no significant dif ferences among them. It is concluded that natural coagulants obtained from potato and plantain waste are more ef fective under acidic pH conditions and represent an alternative to reduce the use of chemical coagulants and minimize their environmental impact.
Vertical Gradients of Soil Physicochemical Properties in Maize Cropping Systems of the Ecuadorian Coastal Regionand their Implications for Agronomic Management
This study evaluated the vertical gradients of soil physical and chemical properties in maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems in the cantons of Mocache and Ventanas, Ecuador, with the aim of analyzing the influence of depth (0 and 30 cm) and geographic location on soil structure. A total of 124 samples were analyzed using generalized linear models and non-parametric tests. Textural fractions did not show significant differences between depths (p > 0.05); however, bulk density increased significantly at 30 cm (p = 0.01), as did soil pH (p < 0.01). Differences between cantons were detected for pH, with higher values observed in Mocache. The Depth × Canton interaction was significant for clay content, indicating subsurface textural differentiation. Principal component analysis explained 54.6% of the total variability in the first two axes, structured by gradients associated with compaction and chemical redistribution. These findings confirm the presence of vertical and spatial heterogeneity in tropical agricultural soils and identify structural patterns that should be considered when planning management practices aimed at controlling compaction and optimizing soil fertility in maize production systems.
Mycoremediation Capacity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inocula Under Cadmium Stress and Their Influence on the Early Growth of Oryza sativa
Soil contamination by heavy metals represents a critical challenge for agricultural productivity and food security in tropical regions, where the intensive use of chemical inputs increases the accumulation of persistent elements such as cadmium (Cd). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have emerged as a strategy to enhance plant growth and increase tolerance to heavy metal stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ef fect of three types of mycorrhizal inocula (liquid, solid, and soil-derived) on the initial growth of Oryza sativa L. exposed to dif ferent Cd concentrations under controlled nursery conditions. The experiment was conducted over a 25-day period using a factorial design and assessing aboveground and belowground biometric variables, as well as Cd extraction capacity. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison tests, while Cd extraction response was evaluated by linear regression. The results demonstrated a dif ferential response of O. sativa depending on the type of mycorrhizal inoculum. The solid inoculum maximized aboveground performance, producing 18.5 functional leaves and the highest fresh biomass (2.85 g) at 30 mg kg–¹ Cd (p < 0.05). In contrast, the soil-derived inoculum enhanced fresh root development, reaching values close to 6.0 g at the same Cd concentration, whereas the liquid inoculum promoted the greatest stem diameter (p < 0.05), although with lower biomass accumulation. Plant height did not show significant dif ferences among treatments (p > 0.05). Cadmium extraction showed a positive relationship with metal concentration, with the regression model explaining 58.4% of the observed variability (adjusted R² = 0.58; p = 0.010), and higher accumulation occurring in foliar tissues. Overall, the results indicate that AMF modulate the physiological response of rice under Cd stress.
Seasonal Analysis and Multivariate Forecasting of Monthly Precipitation in Jipijapa, Manabí, Using ARIMA, ETS, NNAR, and Prophet Models (2000–2024)
The present study analyzes the variability, seasonality, and trend of monthly precipitation in Jipijapa Canton (Manabí, Ecuador), a region particularly vulnerable to climate change and water scarcity. This research is justified by the lack of detailed studies on local rainfall dynamics, despite their importance for agricultural planning and water resource management. The main objective was to evaluate the historical behavior of precipitation from 2000 to 2024 and implement comparative forecasting models. Satellite data from NASA’s POWER platform were used, and the analysis was carried out entirely in RStudio using statistical and computational modeling techniques. Four time series models were applied—SARIMA, ETS, NNAR, and Prophet—and their forecasting accuracy was assessed using MAE, RMSE, and MASE metrics, as well as rolling-origin cross-validation and the Diebold-Mariano test. The results revealed strong seasonality, with peak rainfall concentrated between January and March, and years of extreme precipitation linked to El Niño events (e.g., years 2012 and 2017). The Seasonal Mann-Kendall test indicated no statistically significant trend (p = 0.866), suggesting long-term stability in rainfall volumes. Among the evaluated models, ARIMA demonstrated superior predictive performance over NNAR (p = 0.045). It is concluded that precipitation in Jipijapa follows a highly seasonal regime, strongly influenced by ocean-atmospheric phenomena. Therefore, the use of multivariate forecasting models with climate predictors is appropriate for strengthening local climate adaptation strategies and territorial planning.
Analysis Of the Hydrological Process of Paired Forest Small Catchments and Evaluation of the Effect of Dam Construction in Channels and Gullies
Instrumented paired forest small catchments provide rainfall and runof f data to assess hydrological response and determine the ef fect of dams in streams and gullies. The hydrological response of two paired forest small catchments in the Lake Pátzcuaro watershed was evaluated: the Ichupio small catchment, where dams were constructed in streams and gullies, and the Malacate small catchment, which served as a control. The small catchments were equipped with digital rain gauges to record rainfall and long-throat weirs with ultrasonic sensors to measure discharge. Using linear and multiple regression analyses, 11 precipitation and runof f variables were evaluated to identify their influence on the hydrological response of the small catchments. Thirteen paired events exhibiting simultaneous surface runof f in both small catchments were analyzed. Analysis of the hydrological processes showed that the Malacate small catchment exhibited higher runof f magnitudes (volume, depth, coef ficient, maximum, and mean), even though both small catchments received similar rainfall amounts and intensities. The determining factors for runof f in both small catchments were total event precipitation (PTE), precipitation during the previous 2 days (PP2D), precipitation intensity over 30 minutes (IP30), and runof f duration (TESC). Each small catchment exhibited distinct responses in runof f variables due to the presence of dams in streams and gullies. Associations were identified between water and soil conservation structures and hydrological responses in the Ichupio small catchment, particularly in terms of direct runof f and peak discharge. Significant dif ferences were observed in discharge rates and hydrographs, despite similar rainfall conditions in both small catchments. The results indicate that runof f magnitude depends on the interaction among rainfall, forest cover, and the construction of dams in streams and gullies.
Integration of Ecological Models and Bioinformatics Tools for Risk Estimation of Spodoptera frugiperda in Ecuadorian Agricultural Zones
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a polyphagous pest that af fects several economically important crops worldwide, with maize (Zea mays L.) as its principal host. This study evaluated the ef fectiveness of six statistical methods of varying complexity to model the potential distribution of S. frugiperda and identify high-risk agricultural areas in continental Ecuador. Geographic information system (GIS) tools, statistical packages, bioclimatic variables, and occurrence records were used to model the ecological niche of the species within its environmental space.Probability-of-presence maps generated in RStudio were reclassified in ArcGIS using the prevalence threshold of each model to produce potential distribution maps of the species. Model performance was evaluated using a set of metrics, including the Area Under the Curve (AUC), True Skill Statistic (TSS), Miller Calibration Slope, and cross-validation. High-risk agricultural areas in mainland Ecuador were delineated through spatial analyses of land cover and maps of the species’ potential distribution. The results confirmed the value of GLM, GAM, and GBM models, used individually or in combination, as robust tools for mapping S. frugiperda risk in Ecuador. Priority agricultural areas were identified along the Coastal region and inter-Andean valleys of the Sierra. The results also support the hypothesis that high temperatures are crucial for the development and spread of the pest, whereas excessive rainfall acts as a limiting factor. Currently, the potential distribution of S. frugiperda is concentrated mainly in the Coastal region of the country. The information generated provides insight into the invasion potential of the species and establishes a baseline for future studies on pest dynamics in economically important crops. This contributes to the development of preventive integrated pest management strategies aimed at reducing risks to food security and minimizing negative impacts on agroecosystems.
Ef fect of Seaweed Extract (Macrocystis pyrifera / Gelidium robustum) on the Physiological Quality of Blue Corn (Zea mays L.) Seeds Stored for Two Periods
Marine algae extracts represent a sustainable alternative and an emerging trend in agriculture. The ef fect of the marine algae extract NPKelp® on the germination and seedling quality of blue maize (Zea mays L., Tuxpeño race) was evaluated using seeds stored for 6 and 18 months. Six treatments with dif ferent extract concentrations (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0% v/v) were evaluated in germination tests. The variables assessed were germination percentage (GP), germination speed index (GSI), plumule length (PL), primary root length (PRL), number of secondary roots (NSR), total fresh weight (TFW), and total dry weight (TDW). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and mean comparison with Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) using SPSS sof tware. Treatment 5 showed the highest GP values (98.67% and 100%), whereas Treatment 3 showed the highest GSI values (22.34 and 10.22) in both storage periods. Likewise, Treatment 2 obtained the highest values for PL (5.83 and 6.10 cm), PRL (16.63 and 15.98 cm), TFW (11.69 and 10.44 g), and TDW (1.71 and 1.69 g). Finally, Treatments 4 and 5 showed the highest NSR values (4.41 and 3.73). Concentrations of 1.6% and 2.0% reduced some variables, suggesting a possible inhibitory ef fect. The extract improved the evaluated variables and therefore represents a viable biotechnological alternative for managing genetically valuable blue maize seeds and promoting their use in sustainable agricultural practices.
Modeling Climate Favorability for Phytophthora spp. in Ecuador: Implications for Biological Control in Cocoa Cultivation
Cocoa is a crop of great economic importance worldwide; however, it faces serious risks due to climatic factors, pests, and diseases. The present study evaluated variations in climatic favorability for the proliferation of Phytophthora spp. in Ecuador under dif ferent climate change scenarios. For this purpose, ecological niche models based on MaxEnt were used, integrating climatic and geographic data together with shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), including SSP2-4,5 and SSP5-8,5 scenarios for the periods 2041–2060 and 2081–2100. The results showed that the current distribution of Phytophthora spp. significantly overlaps with the main cocoa-producing areas, especially in the Coastal region. However, under future climate scenarios, the favorable area for the pathogen expands toward higher-altitude zones, potentially af fecting regions of the Amazon. The results also revealed that more than 50% of the national cocoa-growing area coincides with the potential distribution of the pathogen. Finally, the design of territorialized prevention strategies, including agroecological practices, biological control, and local capacity building, could ef fectively control disease proliferation. The study emphasizes the urgency of adopting dif ferentiated preventive measures to reduce phytosanitary risk and protect cocoa sustainability under climate change conditions.
Soil Biocontrol Agent: Trichoderma spp. Against Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 in Bananas
Bacterial wilt of banana caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 is one of the main phytosanitary threats in Ecuador, particularly in Quevedo, Los Ríos Province. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ef ficacy of five Trichoderma spp. isolates as biocontrol agents against R. solanacearum and their ef fect on the vegetative performance of banana plants under greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with five Trichoderma spp. treatments from dif ferent geographical locations and botanical origins: T1-H (T. asperellum), T2-PS (T. asperellum), T3-R (T. harzianum), T4-S (T. harzianum), and T5-R (T. asperellum), along with a positive control (inoculated only with the phytopathogen) and a negative control (non-inoculated). Incidence and severity were evaluated fortnightly using a 0–4 scale expressed as a percentage. The relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC) was calculated as an integrated measure of temporal disease development, control ef ficiency was estimated using Abbott’s formula, and growth variables, including plant height, pseudostem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, root area, and fresh and dry biomass by organ and total biomass, were recorded. Compared with the R. solanacearum-inoculated control, T5-R, T4-S, and T1-H reduced disease severity from 30 days af ter inoculation (DAI) and decreased rAUDPC by approximately 72, 60, and 52%, respectively. In addition, these treatments maintained plant height, pseudostem diameter, and number of leaves at levels comparable to the negative control, with an improvement in root area observed in T5-R. Final disease incidence decreased by 28–43%, although no statistically significant dif ferences were detected, and fresh and dry biomass showed only recovery trends. The biocontrol ef fect depended on the isolate evaluated; T5-R and T4-S may represent viable biocontrol alternatives in banana cultivation, as they ef fectively limited the temporal progression of bacterial wilt without negatively af fecting plant growth and development.
Impact of Soil Characteristics on the Nutraceutical Composition of Melon Fruits
The nutraceutical quality of Cucumis melo L. fruits is influenced by edaphic conditions, particularly in arid and semiarid regions where salinity, alkalinity, and low fertility are common. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and the commercial and nutraceutical quality of melon fruits in four orchards located in Matamoros, Coahuila, Mexico. Soil analyses were conducted following the NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 standard, and fruit quality parameters were determined, including soluble solids, firmness, rind thickness, and the content of bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity). Results indicated that, although fruit size and weight were homogeneous among sites, nutraceutical quality showed significant variation. The “La Roca” site exhibited the highest levels of functional compounds, while “Ardillas” stood out for its sweetness. Spearman’s correlation and principal component analyses revealed significant associations between soil organic matter, texture, and nutraceutical quality. These results highlight the impact of edaphic characteristics on the functional quality of melon fruits, providing a basis for implementing soil management strategies to enhance the nutraceutical value of melon crops in arid and semiarid conditions.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbiosis as a Tolerance Mechanism of Brachiaria decumbens to Combined Lead and Aluminum Stress Under Greenhouse Conditions
The present study addressed the contamination of agricultural soils by lead (Pb) and aluminum (Al), elements that restrict plant growth and compromise agricultural sustainability. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) consortia from the genera Glomus, Acaulospora, and Gigaspora to mitigate these effects in Brachiaria decumbens. The results demonstrated that AMF inoculation enhanced plant growth. In treatment I2_C3, stem diameter reached 1.6 cm and plant height exceeded 90 cm at 75 days with Acaulospora. Leaf fresh weight reached 27 g in I2_C3 compared with 22 g in I1_C3,while leaf dry weight ranged from 17 to 18 g, confirming the efficiency of Acaulospora under metal stress. For root development, I3_C2 achieved a length of 50 cm, doubling that of I1_C1. Regarding metal accumulation, I3 treatments maintained intermediate Pb levels (13–18 mg kg–¹) compared with I1_C3 (28 mg kg–¹). In the case of Al, concentrations were high across all contaminated treatments, reaching up to 420 mg kg–¹, although without compromising biomass in I1. Principal component analysis explained 64.28% of the total variability, revealing a negative correlation between metal concentrations and growth variables, thus confirming the modulatory role of AMF symbiosis. Morphological characterization verified the presence of Glomus, Acaulospora, and Gigaspora, highlighting the functional diversity of the consortia. These findings demonstrate that the selection of AMF, particularly Acaulospora, represents an effective biotechnological strategy to enhance the growth of B. decumbens and reduce metal accumulation.
Performance Evaluation of Organic Substrate and Bioferments in Sustainable Greenhouse-Grown Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
The search for sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizers has intensified interest in organic production systems, especially in high-value crops such as bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The objective of this research was to evaluate the ef fectiveness of an organic substrate formulated from agro-industrial waste and three biofertilizers as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers in bell pepper cultivation under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was established in Los Reyes, Michoacán, Mexico, under a completely randomized design with six treatments and ten replications. The organic substrate was formulated using bovine manure (30%), coconut fiber powder (25%), rice husks (22%), sugarcane filter cake (15%), fish meal (5%), phosphate rock (2%), dolomitic lime (1%), and brewer’s yeast (1%). Three bioferments (Bio.1, Bio.2, Bio.3) with dif ferent formulations were evaluated and compared with the Steiner nutrient solution and an organic control. The measured variables included plant height, stem diameter, number of fruits, and average fruit weight. The organic substrate presented optimal physical properties, with total porosity of 88%, air porosity of 23.97%, and water retention capacity of 64.15%. Its physicochemical characteristics were also appropriate (pH 7.1, EC 0.85 dS m–¹, CEC 49.14 me 100 g–¹). Bioferment Bio.3 showed the highest ef fectiveness, producing plants with an average height of 79.1 cm and fruits weighing 203 g, values statistically similar to those obtained with conventional fertilization (85.3 cm and 200–207 g). All biofertilizers complied with microbiological standards and were free of pathogens. The findings demonstrate that the organic substrate combined with Bio.3 constitutes a technically viable and environmentally sustainable alternative for greenhouse bell pepper production, providing yields and fruit quality comparable to conventional systems while promoting circular economy principles and reducing dependence on synthetic inputs.
Sulfur Fertilization as a Phytosanitary Bioremediation Strategy in Cacao
The cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an economic pillar in Ecuador, whose productivity depends largely on nutritional and phytosanitary management. Deficient fertilization can increase susceptibility to diseases, negatively af fecting yield. In this context, sulfur (S) has been proposed as a sustainable alternative to improve crop health. The present study aimed to evaluate the ef fect of dif ferent sulfur doses on disease incidence and the agronomic yield of cocoa, variety CCN-51. The trial was conducted in a 10-year-old plantation using a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with four treatments: T1 (control, 0 kg ha–¹ S), T2 (60 kg ha–¹ S), T3 (90 kg ha–¹ S), and T4 (120 kg ha–¹ S). Sulfur was applied in split applications, and agronomic, yield, and phytosanitary variables were evaluated using visual scales and Leaf Doctor sof tware (Pethybridge y Nelson, 2015). The dose of 60 kg ha–¹ S (T2) stood out by decreasing the severity of both diseases, increasing the number of healthy pods, and presenting a favorable benefit/cost ratio (1.13). However, the ef fect of sulfur on yield requires further research to establish definitive recommendations. This study provides evidence of the potential of sulfur as a bioremediating agent in productive cocoa systems, highlighting its value in reducing fungal diseases without compromising system sustainability. It is concluded that sulfur-based nutritional management can improve crop health, of fering a viable alternative for producers in Ecuadorian soils af fected by phytosanitary problems.
InfiltR: a Tool to Model Soil Water Infiltration
Water infiltration into the soil is a fundamental process in the hydrological cycle, directly influencing plant water availability, aquifer recharge, and human access to water. This study aimed to develop an interactive application using Shiny to automate the simulation, computation, and prediction of infiltration dynamics based on the cylinder method. The application was developed in R, integrating multiple essential libraries to ensure robust functionality. The theoretical framework and computational procedures were based on peer-reviewed scientific literature documenting standardized infiltration estimation methodologies. The resulting application, infiltR, not only simulates and quantifies infiltration but also allows users to customize parameters, thereby optimizing and improving the understanding of soil infiltration processes. Moreover, the application enables real-time infiltration forecasting based on two mathematical models. This open-source tool is freely accessible, with its complete source code available on GitHub for modification and improvement. Furthermore, a comprehensive instructional video on its use will be published on YouTube. For advanced users, the code can also be implemented directly from R or accessed through a simple link without the need to install R. This application has significant potential for both real-time field applications and educational settings, providing deeper insight into the mechanisms governing soil water infiltration.
Reduction of the Survival of the Soilborne Pathogen Phytophthora palmivora on Theobroma cacao Pods Through the Application of Trichoderma spp.
In Ecuador, Phytophthora palmivora is an important pathogen af fecting the cultivation of Theobroma cacao. The survival of this microorganism depends largely on its ability to reproduce in pods lef t on the soil. This study evaluated fourteen native isolates of Trichoderma spp. with the aim of reducing the pathogen’s survival and thereby decreasing the potential inoculum present in the soil. The research was conducted in the Microbiology area of the Rumiología laboratory at the Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (Ecuador). Trichoderma and P. palmivora strains were obtained from institutional collections and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and V8 Juice Agar media, respectively. Dual cultures of biocontrol agents and the pathogen were performed to calculate the pathogen’s growth inhibition percentage. Additionally, the isolates were classified according to their antagonistic activity using standard scales. The two best-performing biocontrol strains were selected to conduct pod assays to evaluate their ef fect on infection and reproduction of artificially inoculated P. palmivora. Moreover, the impact of these strains on the reproductive capacity of the pathogen was assessed in naturally infected pods. Strains TR8-N and TR19-N demonstrated superior results, exhibiting over 90% inhibition and high antagonistic capacity. Microscopic observations revealed alterations in pathogen hyphae and evidence of mycoparasitism. In pod assays, those treated with TR8-N showed no symptoms following artificial pathogen inoculation. Both TR19-N and TR8-N reduced pathogen inoculum production on the surface of naturally infected pods. These results indicate that at least two native isolates evaluated could be applied on af fected pods to reduce pathogen inoculum in cacao cultivation soils.
Why Does Clay Soil Have Low Cation Exchange Capacity? Mineral and Elemental Composition of Silts and Clays
Acidic soils in the Mexican tropics, such as those found in Tabasco, are characterized by fine texture and high organic matter content. However, they exhibit low cation exchange capacity (CEC), which limits their agricultural productivity. This study aimed to identify and characterize, for the first time, the mineralogical and elemental composition of the sand, silt, and clay fractions in an acidic alluvial-fluvial soil using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM-STEM). Results revealed that the clay fraction is predominantly composed of kaolinite, with secondary phases of gibbsite, magnetite, and iron and aluminum sesquioxides. These oxides absorb onto kaolinite surfaces, further reducing its CEC. The silt fraction was primarily composed of Al, Si, Fe, and C, with very low concentrations of Ca and Mg, indicating a limited natural nutrient reserve. Notably, small amounts of organic matter were detected in both sand and silt fractions, forming organo-mineral complexes potentially stabilized by interactions with metallic oxides, low pH, and seasonal anoxia associated with high annual rainfall (2600 mm). These findings suggest that the low CEC results not only from the mineralogical composition but also from pedoclimatic conditions that limit the soil’s chemical reactivity. Although these soils are classified as agricultural classes III and IV, their use is restricted mainly to citrus, cassava, pineapple, and forest plantations. This study provides original evidence on the structure–function relationships of fine fractions in acidic tropical soils. It highlights the importance of considering both mineralogy and geochemistry, not just texture, when designing sustainable soil management strategies in environmentally vulnerable regions.
Native Bacteria: A Solution for Lead Contamination in Banana Soils
The presence of lead (Pb) in agricultural soils of banana-growing areas poses risks to the environment, health, and economy of Ecuador; therefore, the use of native soil microorganisms for the immobilization of this metal is essential. The potential of native bacteria as agents capable of reducing Pb concentrations in a plantation in the Valencia canton was evaluated. Twenty-seven samples were collected, and Pb-resistant bacteria were isolated and characterized using biochemical and morphological tests, as well as by evaluating their antibiotic resistance and growth at Pb concentrations of 350, 750, and 1200 mg L–¹. Bacterial consortia with high tolerance to the metal were formed and inoculated into soils in the study area. The physiology of banana seedlings was monitored for 90 days as an indicator of soil health, and physicochemical analyses were performed to determine the apparent reduction in Pb. The soil showed Pb levels exceeding the agricultural limit (119.33 and 106.08 mg kg-1) with a pH of 5.78–5.96. Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. exhibited lead tolerance, with LB18 and LB20 showing the best growth and CL₅₀ de 994.06 y 570.83 mg L-1, respectively. The mixed consortium promoted the greatest plant growth (23.73 cm; ≈7 leaves) and reduced the negative response to the metal, achieving the highest apparent reduction in Pb (88.58%), demonstrating the ef fectiveness of these microbial communities as a sustainable biotechnological strategy for soil restoration and the preservation of banana productivity.
Estimation of the Carbon Sequestration Potential of Conservation Tillage Systems in Soils of Nayarit, Mexico
Greenhouse gas emissions have unequivocally caused global warming and climate change, as documented in recent decades. The implementation of conservation tillage (CT) practices has been promoted to reduce soil degradation and as a climate change mitigation strategy through soil recarbonization. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration under CT with 35% soil cover (2 Mg crop residues ha–¹) or 100% soil cover (4.66 or 5.64 Mg crop residues ha–¹), compared with traditional tillage (TT). In the state of Nayarit, Mexico, three study sites managed under a mixed crop–livestock system were located in soil units most suitable for agricultural production (Fluvisol, Luvisol, and Cambisol). The RothC-26.3 model was used to simulate SOC dynamics over a twenty-year period. The c factor of this model was determined through multitemporal analysis of satellite images from the Landsat platform. The results showed that, at the three sites/soils, TT would lead to an average SOC loss rate ranging from 0.119 to 0.341 Mg ha–¹ year–¹, whereas under CT, the model predicted average SOC accumulation rates ranging from 0.084 to 0.650 Mg ha–¹ year–¹, except in the Fluvisol under CT with 35% cover, where simulations indicated an average SOC loss of 0.129 Mg ha–¹ year–¹. The study concluded that SOC sequestration depended mainly on clay content and the amount of residues used as soil cover, particularly in Fluvisols, where residue cover must exceed 35% (> 2 Mg crop residues ha–¹ year–¹) to achieve positive SOC sequestration rates.
Control of Convolvulus arvensis with Alternative Herbicides to Glyphosate in Pre-Planting under Conventional Tillage in Bean-Sorghum Rotation: North of Tamaulipas
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) is a perennial broadleaf weed of agronomic importance in northern Tamaulipas, particularly during the early growing season of sorghum and maize. The present study aimed to evaluate the ef ficacy of synthetic herbicides as alternatives to glyphosate for controlling field bindweed prior to sorghum sowing under conventional tillage and rainfed conditions in a bean–sorghum rotation. Trials were established in Río Bravo, Tamaulipas, in plots of 20 × 300 m (6000 m²) per treatment, with applications on December 17, 2021 (O–I, 2021–2022), and March 3, 2023 (O–I, 2022–2023). The herbicides evaluated (g a.i. ha–¹) were glyphosate; glyphosate + 2,4-D; glufosinate ammonium; glufosinate ammonium + 2,4-D; paraquat; paraquat + 2,4-D; saflufenacil; picloram + 2,4-D; dicamba + 2,4-D; and an untreated control. At the end of the evaluation period, field bindweed was the dominant species, while other weeds included Amaranthus palmeri, Helianthus annuus, Parthenium hysterophorus, and the perennial Solanum elaeagnifolium. Precipitation was the climatic factor showing the greatest variation between cycles, af fecting herbicide ef ficacy. In 2021–2022, glyphosate control was moderate (76–86%), similar to that of other treatments, whereas in 2022–2023 it was poor to moderate (50–75%), surpassing only paraquat. Considering a minimum ef ficacy threshold of 87.5% and treatment cost, the hormonal herbicides picloram + 2,4-D and dicamba + 2,4-D were identified as the most ef fective alternatives to glyphosate for managing field bindweed in extensive cropping systems in northern Tamaulipas.
Sustainable Innovation in the Use of Cocoa Waste for Soil Bioremediation in Los Ríos Province, Ecuador
The inadequate management of cocoa residues represents a constraint to agricultural sustainability and a potential source of soil contamination in productive ecosystems. Their biotechnological valorization emerges as a viable alternative to strengthen the circular economy and promote the recovery of degraded soils. This study aimed to analyze the management and valorization practices of cocoa residues in Los Ríos Province, Ecuador, assess their relationship with environmental indicators associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 6, 12, 13, and 15), and propose a circular management model with a sustainable innovation approach. The research followed a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, and correlational design, applying structured surveys to 371 producers selected through stratified probabilistic sampling. Descriptive analyses, Spearman correlations, and principal component analysis were conducted. The results showed that 39% of producers reuse cocoa residues as organic fertilizer, whereas 33% dispose of them without treatment. The knowledge and sustainable innovation index was low (1.96), and the global environmental sustainability index reached a medium value (2.8). Significant negative correlations were identified between inadequate waste disposal and environmental indicators (ρ = -0.518 to -0.375; p < 0.001), whereas positive associations were found between knowledge and sustainable innovation and SDGs 6, 12, and 15 (ρ = 0.316 to 0.415; p < 0.001). Principal component analysis revealed three dimensions explaining 75.4% of the total variance: sustainable practices and resource management, technical knowledge and innovation, and environmental conservation. Overall, the findings support a circular management model based on the biotechnological valorization of cocoa residues as an ef fective strategy to enhance productive sustainability and restore the functionality of agricultural soils.
Metagenomic Analysis of Microbial Communities in the Anaerobic Biodigestion of Cattle Manure: Biotechnological Implications for the Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils
Anaerobic digestion is a key biotechnological tool for energy recovery and the sustainable management of livestock waste, generating biogas and biofertilizers that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this study was to analyze the microbial communities present during the anaerobic biodigestion of cattle manure through metagenomic sequencing, evaluating their potential for the bioremediation of contaminated soils. The research was conducted over 60 days at the Hermanos JBZ ranch in El Empalme, Ecuador, using a 200 L pilot-scale metal biodigester fed with a 1:1 mixture of manure and water and operated under controlled mesophilic conditions (30–38 °C). Three biol samples were collected (days 0, 30, and 60) for bacterial diversity analysis, applying column-based DNA extraction protocols, amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 regions, primers 341F/805R), and sequencing using the Illumina platform. The data were processed using bioinformatic tools for taxonomic annotation and determination of the relative abundance of genera. The results revealed a microbial succession typical of anaerobic processes, with an initial predominance of fermentative bacteria such as Bacteroides (4.11%) and Lysinibacillus, followed by Treponema (8.97%) and methanogenic archaea (Methanocorpusculum, Methanosarcina, Methanobrevibacter) in the final phase. These communities demonstrated complementary functions in organic matter degradation, methane production, carbon stabilization, and potential metal immobilization. Although the application of digestate was not experimentally evaluated, the integration of metagenomic data with recent literature supports its value as a microbial bioamendment. Overall, the results provide scientific evidence on the usefulness of microbial consortia from biodigesters as soil restoration agents, reinforcing the principles of the circular bioeconomy and Sustainable Development Goals 7, 12, and 13.
Effect of Microbial Biostimulants on Fruit Yield and Fruit Quality of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme)
Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) is a crop of great economic importance due to its high demand for fresh consumption and the benefits of its bioactive compounds for human health. However, the excessive use of agrochemicals in its cultivation has generated negative effects on the environment and on human and animal health. Therefore, alternatives are being sought to reduce these effects, such as plant biostimulant microorganisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, and Azospirillum brasilense as biostimulants on quality and yield parameters of greenhouse-grown cherry tomato. A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and 44 replicates per treatment was used: T1 = 100% chemical fertilizer (CF); T2 = 50% CF + T. harzianum; T3 = 50% CF + B. subtilis; T4 = 50% CF + A. brasilense; and T5 = 50% CF + consortium (T. harzianum, B. subtilis, and A. brasilense). Morphological and physicochemical variables, as well as bioactive compounds of the fruit, were evaluated. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) using STATISTICA v. 12.0 for Windows. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among treatments, with plants in Treatment 4 (50% CF + A. brasilense) exhibiting the highest values for bunch weight, fruit weight, equatorial and polar diameter, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C, lycopene, β-carotene, color, and yield. These results suggest that inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense combined with a reduced dose of chemical fertilizer may represent an alternative strategy to increase the quality and yield of cherry tomato under greenhouse conditions.
Soil Core Bacteria and Main Edaphic Functions in Pecan Nut Trees (Carya illinoinensis) Rhizosphere in an Arid Agroecosystem
Microorganisms are fundamental for preserving plant health and productivity, thus knowledge of their composition and metabolism in a particular agroecosystem could be used as a tool to sustainably improve or maintain crop performance. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the bacterial core and its functional characteristics in the rhizosphere of Carya illinoinensis. This study was carried out in the arid north of Mexico (Viesca, Coahuila) in 2022 in an orchard of 20-25-year-old young trees, with a nut production per tree of 20-22 kg. Sampling was carried out at five points in the orchard: the four corners and the center. Metagenomic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene were performed to determine the taxonomic composition of the microbial species. In addition, functional predictions were made using Phylogenetic Community Research by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) to estimate gene abundance within metabolic pathways. The ASVs of the bacterial population of the studied orchard were classified into 60 phyla, 130 classes, 392 orders, 40 families, 40 genera, and 1766 species. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota were the most abundant phyla. At the genus level, Pararheinheimera (X̅=5.5%) and two unknown genera of the Thermoanaerobaculia class (X̅=3.2% and X̅=2.7%, respectively) were the main taxa. In addition, glucose oxidation, phospholipase, and L-rhamnose production were the main metabolic pathways associated with the bacterial community, which confer plant growth-promoting properties and crop resilience under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Thus, knowledge of the local bacteriome is a tool to propose the appropriate agronomic management to exploit the potential of key taxa to promote plant growth or isolate specific strains for the generation of biofertilizers.
Comparison of Statistical Models for the Prediction of the Ecological Niche of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and its Implication in the Phytosanitation of Agricultural soils
It is important to evaluate the ef fectiveness of dif ferent species distribution models, as they are valuable tools for predicting future distributions. The ef ficiency of the Bayesian model Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) was evaluated against statistical models, including the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and Generalized Additive Model (GAM), and machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), and Boosted Regression Tree (GBM), to model the potential distribution of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in mainland Ecuador, a soil phytopathogen that significantly af fects banana production. Ninety-two presence records and four bioclimatic variables (WorldClim) were used. The models were generated at a spatial resolution of 10 × 10 km² and evaluated using dif ferent performance metrics. Probability-of-presence maps generated in R for each model were exported to ArcGIS to produce binary maps and calculate the area of presence and absence of the species. Model performance varied depending on the evaluation metric. Despite this, the Random Forest model performed well across most metrics, particularly in discrimination; however, the Generalized Linear Model showed higher accuracy and reliability, with excellent calibration. MaxEnt produced the largest predicted area of presence of the phytopathogen (106 800 km²). All models consistently showed environmental favorability > 0.90 in the Sierra region, associated with its geographical, climatic, and ecological characteristics, such as the combination of temperature and humidity and host availability. The models demonstrated ef ficiency in predicting the potential distribution of F. oxysporum; however, further research with a greater number of presence records is recommended. The study is relevant as a baseline, particularly for the application of Bayesian models such as BART.
Physicochemical Analysis of the Soil at Various Depths in a MIAF System in Veracruz, Mexico
The Milpa Intercropped with Fruit Trees system, implemented 22 years ago in the Los Tuxtlas region of Veracruz by scientists from INIFAP and the Colegio de Postgraduados, has determined that for every kilogram of maize produced under this system, 0.5 kg of soil is lost per year, whereas under conventional management, 35.5 kg of soil are lost per hectare per year. The objective of this study was to describe and identify the current status of soil physical and chemical properties (soil pH, electrical conductivity [EC], organic matter [OM], organic carbon [OC], texture, field capacity [FC], and carbon release [CO2]) at depths of 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm, and 60–100 cm, including a control treatment (conventional tillage + residue burning) in the MIAF-INIFAP module of Axochio, San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz. Twelve soil samples were collected, processed, classified into four treatments, and analysed under a completely randomized block design with three replications (T1 = 0-30 cm; T2 = 30-60 cm; T3 = 60-100 cm; T4 = control [conventional tillage + residue burning]). Statistically significant differences were found in OM, OC, and pH, whereas no significant differences were observed in EC and FC. Texture was clayey in Treatments 1, 2, and 4, and silty clay in Treatment 3. The greatest CO2 release occurred in Treatment 1, with a cumulative 28-day CO2 release of 1065.66 kg ha-1, followed by Treatments 2, 3, and 4 with 962.44, 944.11, and 926.13 kg ha-1, respectively. It is concluded that soil depth exhibits differentiated behavior; therefore, each depth should be managed differently compared with the management practices applied in annual monocultures in the region.
Alternatives for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Present in Soils with Corn Crops, a Case Study from Los Ríos province, Ecuador
The soil contamination by heavy metals derived from the intensive use of agrochemicals represents a growing threat to food security and agricultural sustainability. In response to this problem, phytoremediation has emerged as an ecological and low-cost technique that takes advantage of plants’ natural ability to absorb and stabilize metal contaminants. The objective of this study was to analyze phytoremediation alternatives for heavy metals present in soils with corn (Zea mays) crops in the province of Los Ríos, Ecuador. Structured surveys were administered to 260 farmers in five cantons (Quevedo, Mocache, Quinsaloma, Puebloviejo, and Ventanas) to identify the types, doses, and frequency of agrochemical use, and a correspondence matrix was developed between active ingredients and associated metals, which was compared with Ecuadorian and international regulations. The results showed that 21% of farmers used herbicides containing atrazine, associated with cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), while urea contributed Hg and Cd, with Mocache and Ventanas being the cantons with the highest doses applied. In addition, species with high bioaccumulation capacity were identified, notably Sansevieria trifasciata, Helianthus annuus, and Sorghum bicolor, which have local adaptability and potential for combined phytoremediation schemes. The study provides key information for sustainable agricultural management in tropical regions. Its main contribution lies in the design of a phytoremediation strategy based on accessible ornamental species, capable of reducing metal contaminants, restoring soil fertility, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices, demonstrating the technical and environmental viability of phytoremediation as a mitigation tool in local production systems.
Biopolymers for Wastewater Treatment in the Area of Influence of the Tragadero Lagoon, Jauja Province, Junín Department, Perú – 2024
The application of biopolymers in wastewater treatment processes represents an ef fective strategy for mitigating the environmental impact of agricultural and domestic discharges. The objective of this research was to analyse the ef fectiveness of biopolymers for wastewater treatment in the area of influence of the Tragadero Lagoon, in the province of Jauja, Junín, Peru. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), faecal coliforms, and chromium were evaluated. Using the coagulation–flocculation method, doses of 1.2 mL of pectin and 1.2 g of chitosan were administered to 500 mL of wastewater, with mechanical agitation at 120 rpm for three hours, followed by one hour of sedimentation. An experimental design wasadopted to interpret the physicochemical data of the ef fluent before and af ter the application of the biopolymers. Results: The initial physicochemical analysis of wastewater from the Tragadero Lagoon showed pH 7.30, BOD 146.6 mg L–1, COD 75.0 mg L–1, TSS 51.0 mg L–1, faecal coliforms 1.3 × 10³ NMP/100 mL, and chromium 0.147 mg L–1, whereas the second physicochemical analysis showed pH 7.50, BOD 78.0 mg L–1, COD 48.5 mg L–1, TSS 42.0 mg L–1, faecal coliforms 2.4 × 10² NMP/100 mL, and chromium < 0.001 mg L–1. The use of biopolymers for wastewater treatment in the area surrounding the Tragadero Lagoon could be an ef fective solution for reducing pollution and preserving its ecosystem, since biopolymers have advantages over other wastewater treatment methods, such as their ef fectiveness in removing contaminants, their biodegradable nature, and their low cost. The information obtained in this study will be useful for environmental entities, authorities, and the local population in implementing sustainable wastewater treatment strategies.
Biotechnological Application of Biosolids from White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) as Biofertilization Agents in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Production
The intensive production of red tilapia and shrimp generates organic residues with significant potential for biotechnological use in biofertilization and the recovery of agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biotechnological application of biosolids derived from white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) as biofertilizing agents, and to analyze their effects on the agronomic and productive parameters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cultivation. The experiment was conducted at the “La María” experimental campus of the Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (Ecuador), using a randomized complete block design with six treatments, including two controls (positive and negative): T1 (unfertilized control), T2 (6 g of red tilapia biosolids), T3 (6 g of shrimp biosolids), T4 (8 g of red tilapia biosolids), T5 (8 g of shrimp biosolids), and T6 (7.5 g of inorganic fertilization). Each treatment was replicated four times, evaluating a total of 600 plants. Variables related to emergence, agronomic growth, and yield were recorded. The results showed that Treatment 4 (8 g of red tilapia biosolids) obtained the highest values for plant height (103.77 ± 16.21 cm), number of flowers (7.040 ± 2.098), number of leaves (13.00 ± 3.55), fruit weight (153.71 ± 42.39 g), fruit length (16.11 ± 3.418 cm), fruit diameter (4.07 ± 0.6437 cm), fresh biomass (90.107 ± 1.152 g), dry biomass (9.893 ± 1.152 g), and yield (192.14 kg ha–¹). These findings demonstrate the biotechnological potential of aquaculture biosolids as sustainable biofertilizers and suggest the use of 8 g of red tilapia biosolids as an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional inorganic fertilization.
Alternatives for Production of Agave durangensis Gentry in Nursery in Non-Conventional Substrates
Within the nursery production process, some conventional substrates present significant limitations, such as limited availability, high cost, and the environmental impact resulting from their extraction. Therefore, identifying alternative substrates can expand production possibilities by taking advantage of local inputs with lower ecological impact. The ef fect of four substrates on the germination and development of Agave durangensis Gentry plants under nursery conditions was evaluated. The trial consisted of six treatments based on mixtures of composted agave bagasse, crushed corncob, fresh pine sawdust, and enlame soil in dif ferent proportions, as well as a control treatment with a conventional mixture of peat, vermiculite, and perlite. The percentage of emergence and cumulative germination were determined, and ten months af ter planting, plant height, root ball length, root length, rosette diameter, stem diameter and root collar diameter, dry aboveground and root biomass, and the number of expanded leaves were evaluated. The results showed an emergence rate greater than 80% in most treatments, and maximum cumulative germination was reached at 42 days. A significant ef fect of substrate type on final cumulative germination was observed (p < 0.001); however, dif ferences were only detected for the substrate composed of composted agave bagasse, fresh pine sawdust, and enlame soil (S5-BAE), which showed the lowest germination (51.7%) compared with the other treatments, which reached values between 80 and 92.5%. The mixture of composted agave bagasse, fresh pine sawdust, and enlame soil (1:1:1) favored the morphological development of agave plants compared with the conventional substrate. It is concluded that non-conventional substrates allow adequate development of high-quality Agave durangensis Gentry plants at the nursery stage; therefore, they represent a viable alternative for use in both container and traditional bag production systems.
Characterization of Native Beauveria bassiana Strains Isolated from Soils and Their Potential for the Biological Control of Cosmopolites sordidus in Ecuador
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana is widely recognized for its ef ficacy in the biological control of Cosmopolites sordidus (banana weevil). However, limited information is available regarding the entomopathogenic potential of native Ecuadorian strains. This knowledge gap restricts the selection of isolates with greater virulence, local adaptation, or field persistence. The objective of this study was to characterize four native strains of B. bassiana isolated from the banana rhizosphere at the molecular, microscopic, and macroscopic levels, and to evaluate their ef fectiveness in controlling C. sordidus under controlled laboratory conditions. The isolates, coded as LM012, MCB17, MCA1424, and BBAL31, were identified as B. bassiana, exhibiting high sequence similarity with known reference strains. The isolates displayed dif ferences in colonial morphology, mainly in growth pattern, color, texture, and elevation, reflecting phenotypic diversity among strains. biotechnological tool for pest control. Exposure of C. sordidus adults to suspensions of the four B. bassiana isolates at a concentration of 1×109 conidia mL-1 resulted in 100% mortality, while imidacloprid insecticide reached 50% mortality. The LT₅₀ values were 12, 15, 13, and 11 days for LM012, MCB17, MCA1424, and BBAL31, respectively, whereas for imidacloprid it was 59 days. Additionally, no significant dif ferences were observed in the percentage of B. bassiana colonization on the body of C. sordidus adults (p > 0.001). The results obtained provide relevant evidence on the ef ficacy and versatility of B. bassiana as a contributing to the strengthening of ecological approaches in crop protection and the development of more sustainable and environmentally safe integrated pest management strategies.
Land Use Change and Soil Comparison between 1983 and 2023 in the Municipality of Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
The modifications in land use and vegetation resulting from human activities are evident at both local and global scales. The primary consequences include biodiversity loss and a decline in the quality and quantity of ecosystem services. In this context, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture negatively impact ecosystems and their components, with soil being one of the most af fected resources. Therefore, a detailed study of the dynamics of these modifications constitutes a valuable tool for land management, enabling the identification of specific areas where conservation and restoration strategies can be developed. The objective of this study was to assess land use and vegetation change dynamics over a 27-year period, as well as variations in soil properties over a 40-year period in the municipality of Jiutepec, Morelos. Geographic Information Systems were used to generate vector data on land use and vegetation for the years 1995 and 2022. A simplified change matrix was constructed, and the change rate and deforestation rate were calculated. A total of 16 land use categories were identified for 1995 and 17 for 2022. The most significant changes in Jiutepec included an increase in urban areas of approximately 1136.27 ha. Regarding the deforestation rate, the most af fected categories were conserved and disturbed tropical dry forest. In the determination of soil properties, some properties currently evaluated (2023) remain within the ranges reported in the past (1983).
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils with Organic and Inorganic Production Systems in Cunduacán, Tabasco, Mexico
Cocoa cultivation is the main economic source for small and large farmers in Tabasco. However, cocoa production has decreased recently due to financial, edaphic, and nutritional factors. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the concentration of heavy metals (HM) in agricultural soil. To achieve this, two polygons (P1 and P2) were selected to evaluate the environmental impact of the agricultural production system used in each polygon. The pH (hydrogen potential), OM (organic matter), apparent density (AD), real density (RD), porosity (PO), clay (C), silt (ST), sand (S), and field capacity (FC) of the examined regions were also determined. In addition, a solid waste landfill (SWLF) was included as a third sampling site (P3). This is because it is a source of contamination of the surrounding cocoa-growing areas (P1 and P2). According to Mexican standards NOM-147-SEMARNAT and NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000, the heavy metals that exceeded the permissible limits were Cd > Ni > V for P1, Cd for P2, and Cd for P3, with significant dif ferences between polygons. The highest level of Cd was determined in P3; therefore, the concentration of Cd in P1 and P2 is associated with the use of agrochemicals and the dragging of soil particles due to the topographic position of P3.
Soil Quality and Relative land Ef ficiency in the Milpa System Intercropped with Fruit trees
The Milpa system interspersed with fruit trees (MIFT) is a multifunctional agroforestry system that seeks to increase productivity in small production units (< 5 ha). This study evaluated physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes to determine soil quality and its relationship with relative land ef ficiency (ERT) in a MIAF system. Ten sites under the MIAF system and six under monoculture were compared during two growing seasons (2018–2019). In composite soil samples, physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes were measured to calculate a soil quality index (ICS), and ERT was determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s test (α = 0.05), and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to generate the ICS. The results showed dif ferences in bulk density, gravimetric moisture, oxidizable organic matter, total organic matter, and nutrient content, with better values in the MIAF system. The ICS was higher in the MIAF system with the maize–bean association, with bulk density, gravimetric moisture, total organic matter, and the abundance of nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes being the most important parameters identified by the PCA. The ERT showed values greater than one and did not correlate with the ICS or with any individual soil attribute. The most relevant soil quality indices showed higher values at sites under the MIAF system compared with monoculture systems. However, no correlation was observed between the ICS and the ERT.
Cocoa Production Systems: Evaluation of Fertility and MainEdaphic Limitations, South of Córdoba – Colombia
The municipalities located in the southern region of Córdoba exhibit high potential for the development of cacao cultivation (Theobroma cacao L.), whose productivity depends on specific edaphic conditions. In this context, it is essential to assess whether the soils in southern Córdoba meet the optimal conditions for the establishment and growth of the crop. This study aimed to characterise the physico-chemical properties of cacao-growing soils and to identify their main limitations. The research was conducted in 2022 across four municipalities—Tierralta, Valencia, Montelíbano, and Puerto Libertador—where 111 cacao farms of varying ages (5 to 25 years) were assessed using a quantitative approach, including field and laboratory evaluations of soil physico-chemical parameters. No signs of compaction were observed, which was consistent with low bulk density (Da) values; the predominant textural class was clay loam (F-Ar). The soil pH presented slightly acidic values that were restrictive for cacao cultivation in Montelíbano and Puerto Libertador.Phosphorus (P) content was low (<15 mg kg–¹), with high variability (CV > 100%). Organic matter showed medium to high levels, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values were high across most of the evaluated sites. Some chemical limitations were identified, mainly in Montelíbano and Puerto Libertador. Overall, the results suggest that the study area presents suitable edaphic conditions for cacao cultivation.